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===Robotics in Africa===
[http://robotics-africa.org/ African Robotics Network (AFRON)] <BR>
<!-- [https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/22/africa/robots-in-africa/index.html African countries are importing robots and young people's jobs are at risk]<BR> -->
[https://face2faceafrica.com/article/all-girls-robotics-team-from-ghana-wins-world-robofest-championship-in-the-u-s?fbclid=IwAR1OvJIvUIRLGdI3X375nbnX1OAUnSQ2g9S9MA5_A92VhTgfq8LO6zkI3V4 All-girls robotics team from Ghana wins World Robofest Championship in the U.S.]<BR>
[https://www.ashesi.org/blog/award-winning-prof-ayokor-korsah-uses-robotics-to-ignite-passion-for-stem-learning-in-africa/  Award-winning professor ignites passion for STEM learning in Africa] <BR>
[https://www.awarri.com/ Awarri] "Our mission is to enable the development and adoption of advanced AI & Robotics technology on the African continent" <BR>
[[file:New.jpg]] [https://cars4mars.co.za/ Cars4Mars] African Rover Challenge: Design & build a Mars rover prototype <BR>
[[file:New.jpg]] [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.adm7012 Culturally competent social robots target inclusion in Africa] <BR>
[https://fundibots.org/fundi-bots-classes/ Fundi Bots] robotics for kids classes, motivating STEM education generally <BR>
[http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/15/c_138061183.htm Humanoid robot Sophia addresses Africa technology summit in Rwanda]<BR>
[http://rwandatoday.africa/news/Govt-plans-to-build-robotics-cancer-training-centre/4383214-5030620-3ua2nu/index.html IRCAD in the press]<BR>
[http://africa.mit.edu/news-and-events/robotics-camp-ends-with-call-for-more-investment/ MIT-Africa Robotics Boot Camp]<BR>
[http://parcrobotics.org/ Pan-African Robotics Competition] General Overview<BR>
[https://parc-robotics.github.io/documentation-2023/introduction/ Pan-African Robotics Competition 2023 AgTech Challenge] uses more advanced tools, e.g., ROS, Gazebo, and OpenCV, and [https://www.trossenrobotics.com/agilex-scout-unmanned-ground-vehicle-2-0.aspx#packages  Scout] robot from AgileX. <BR>
[https://reflectrobotics.com/index.html Reflect Robotics] <BR>
[http://www.ircad.africa/ Research Institute against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD)]<BR>
[https://www.robofest.net/index.php/current-competitions/world-championship Robofest 2019]<BR>
[http://vernon.eu/publications/19_Vernon_RAM.pdf Robotics and Artificial Intelligence in Africa], IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 131-135, December 2019.<BR>
[http://creativity.rw/robotics Robotics for Kids]<BR>
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://africarobotics.github.io/iros2024/ Robotics in Africa Forum at IROS 2024] <BR>
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85svuiUOtvY Robotics in Education in Africa] Ayorkor Korsah, Ashesi University, Ghana, Plenary speaker at the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation <BR> 
[https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/robots-at-reception-south-african-hotel-idUSKBN2AF0QX Robots at reception: South African hotel turns to machines to beat pandemic]. <BR>
[http://blog.swaliafrica.com/robots-in-africa/ Robots in Africa. What does this mean for the continent?]<BR>
[https://www.ryonic.io/ Ryonic Robotics]<BR>
[https://www.ubtrobot.com/products/cruzr?ls=en Ubtech CRUZR service robot] deployed by [https://www.zorabotsafrica.com/home ZoraBots Africa Ltd.] to check the temperature of travellers arriving at [https://www.afro.who.int/news/robots-use-rwanda-fight-against-covid-19 Kigali International Airport, Rwanda.] <BR>
[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-08215-3_4 Working with Robots as Colleagues: Kenyan Perspectives of Ethical Concerns on Possible Integration of Co-bots in Workplaces]<BR>
[https://www.linkedin.com/company/zorabots-africa/?originalSubdomain=rw ZoraBots Africa Ltd.] <BR>

=== Robotics Education in Africa===
Carnegie Mellon University Africa [https://www.africa.engineering.cmu.edu/research/artificial-intelligence.html website] and [https://vimeo.com/413919491 video] <BR>
[https://resourcecenter.ieee-ras.org/conferences-videos/icra-videos/824490.html ICRA 2015 - Robotics in Education in Africa]<BR>
[https://www.facebook.com/p/Keza-Education-Future-Lab-100076079992000/ Keza Education Future Lab] for kids aged 3 to 14 <BR>
[https://leaprlabs.rw/ Leapr Labs] <BR>
[https://leaprlabs.rw/mtoto/ Mtoto Robotics] (part for Leapr Labs) <BR>
[https://www.nga.ac.rw/coding-and-music/ New Generation Academy] <BR>
[http://creativity.rw/ Creativity Lab] STEM education using robots <BR>
[https://www.mineduc.gov.rw/news-detail/the-ministry-of-education-to-enter-into-partnership-with-zorabots-africa-to-promote-stem-in-rwandan-schools The government of Rwanda enters into a partnership] with [https://www.zorabotsafrica.com/home ZoraBots Africa] to promote STEM in Rwandan schools<BR>
[[File:new.jpg]]  [https://rainigeria.com/ RAIN: Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Nigeria] <BR>
[[File:new.jpg]]  [https://www.linkedin.com/posts/giz-rwanda_expression-of-interest-activity-7143160663555702784-ibzY/ Design Challenge: Call for proposals to design a robotics program and toolkit to be implemented in Rwandan school curricula]<BR>

===AI in Africa===
[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jun/01/africa-will-be-transformed-by-the-potential-of-ai-and-data-if-we-can-get-investment Africa will be transformed by the potential of AI and data – if we can get investment]<BR>
[http://www.vernon.eu/downloads/Africa_Embraces_AI.pdf Africa Embraces AI, Robotics, and Machine Learning], Invited talk at the Int. Conference on Robot Ethics and Standards ([https://clawar.org/conference-proceedings/icres-conference/icres-2020-proceedings/ ICRES 2020]) NB: 300 MB <BR>
[https://sites.google.com/view/aiinafrica2022/ AI in Africa for Sustainable Economic Development 2022] Workshop <BR>
[https://journals.openedition.org/ctd/4775?lang=en AI in Africa : Framing AI through an African Lens] <BR>
[https://cpr.unu.edu/ai-in-africa-is-a-double-edged-sword.html AI & Global Governance: AI in Africa is a Double-Edged Sword]<BR>
[https://www.bbrief.co.za/2017/05/11/artificial-intelligence-how-can-it-benefit-africa/ Artificial Intelligence – how can it benefit Africa?]<BR>
[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2020.00006/full Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare in Africa] <BR>
[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2077-72132020000200002 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Deployments in Africa: Benefits, Challenges and Policy Dimensions] <BR>
[https://www.theafricareport.com/833/artificial-intelligence-hits-african-companies/ Artificial Intelligence Hits African Companies]<BR>
[https://www.giz.de/expertise/html/61982.html FAIR Forward - Artificial Intelligence for All] <BR>
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/jul/06/mercy-anita-african-workers-ai-artificial-intelligence-exploitation-feeding-machine Feeding the Machine: The Hidden Human Labour Powering AI (edited extract)] and [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/jul/06/james-muldoon-mark-graham-callum-cant-ai-artificial-intelligence-human-work-exploitation-fairwork-feeding-machine An interview with the authors] <BR>
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiYjc5NTQyMzQtNTFiZS00ZTdjLTkwMmMtZWZkOGU3Njk1ZjM2IiwidCI6IjdhNTNiMjZhLTI1YTUtNGNiYS05NGM4LTM4ZWFlMWY3MzVjYSJ9&pageName=ReportSection How is A.I. Being Utilized in Africa?] Mapping AI Applications across Africa <BR> 
[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07104-7 Look to Africa to advance artificial intelligence] Nature 562, 461 (2018) <BR>
[http://vernon.eu/publications/2021_Alupo_et_al.pdf  Realizing the Potential of AI in Africa] C. Delmus Alupo, D. Omeiza, and D. Vernon, in Towards Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence Systems, M. I. Aldinhas Ferreira (Ed.), Springer (in press)<BR>
[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-08215-3 Responsible AI in Africa] Challenges and Opportunities; open access book from Springer (if you are short on time, read the Foreword by Mark Coeckelbergh in the [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm:978-3-031-08215-3/1?pdf=chapter%20toc Front Matter]) <BR>
[http://www.vernon.eu/publications/19_Vernon_RAM.pdf Robotics and Artificial Intelligence in Africa], also at [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8931075 IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 131-135, December 2019]<BR>
[https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_ai_invasion_is_coming_to_africa_and_its_a_good_thing# The AI Invasion is Coming to Africa (and It’s a Good Thing)]<BR>
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/38507-doc-dts-english.pdf The Digital Transformation Strategy for Africa], African Union.<BR>
[https://www.siliconrepublic.com/machines/africa-ai-google The future of AI: Why Google is betting big on Africa] <BR>
[https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/01/13/the-future-is-intelligent-harnessing-the-potential-of-artificial-intelligence-in-africa/ The future is intelligent: Harnessing the potential of artificial intelligence in Africa]<BR>
[https://cipit.strathmore.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Final-Report-The-State-of-AI-in-Africa-Report-2023-3.pdf The State of AI in Africa Report 2023]<BR>
[https://cipit.strathmore.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/The-State-of-AI-in-Africa-A-Policy-Brief110923-1.pdf The State of AI in Africa - A Policy Brief] <BR>

=== AI Education in Africa===
[https://ai6abuja.github.io/ AI Saturdays Abuja] <BR>
[https://aisaturdayslagos.github.io/ AI Saturdays Lagos] <BR>
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://appliedmldays.org/events/amld-africa-2021 AMLD Africa 2021] Applied Machine Learning Days <BR>
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://appliedmldays.org/events/amld-africa-2022 AMLD Africa 2022] Applied Machine Learning Days <BR>
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://appliedmldays.org/events/amld-africa-2024 AMLD Africa 2022] Applied Machine Learning Days <BR>
[https://online.atingi.org/enrol/index.php?id=1384 Atingi course - How to Get Involved in Artificial Intelligence]<BR>
[https://online.atingi.org/course/view.php?id=468 Atingi course - Launchpad to Fundamental Questions of Artificial Intelligence - Part 1: What is AI?]<BR>
[https://online.atingi.org/course/view.php?id=472 Atingi course - Launchpad to Fundamental Questions of Artificial Intelligence - Part 2: Application of artificial intelligence in daily life]<BR>
[https://online.atingi.org/course/view.php?id=473 Atingi course - Launchpad to Fundamental Questions of Artificial Intelligence - Part 3: Risks]<BR>
[https://online.atingi.org/course/view.php?id=478 Atingi course - Launchpad to Fundamental Questions of Artificial Intelligence - Part 4: Opportunities and Outlook]<BR>
[https://online.atingi.org/mod/page/view.php?id=650 Atingi course - Artificial Intelligence for Development]<BR>
[https://online.atingi.org/enrol/index.php?id=465 Atingi course - Artificial Intelligence for All: Open AI Training Data for African Languages]<BR>
[https://online.atingi.org/course/view.php?id=653 Atingi course - Artificial Intelligence for All: How to prepare open training data and share it for re-use by others following international standards]<BR>
[https://online.atingi.org/course/view.php?id=689 Atingi course - Artificial Intelligence for All: How to eliminate or mitigate biases in Artificial Intelligence training data]<BR>
[https://online.atingi.org/course/view.php?id=690 Atingi course - Artificial Intelligence for All: How to Create and Sustain Open AI Image Training Data]<BR>
[https://online.atingi.org/course/view.php?id=467 Atingi course - Artificial Intelligence for All: Open AI Training Data for Earth Observation]<BR>
[https://online.atingi.org/course/view.php?id=1107 Atingi course - Machine Learning on Earth Observation: ML4EO Bootcamp] based on Radiant Earth's online course below <BR>	
[https://aimsammi.org/ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) Master’s in Machine Intelligence (AIMMI)] <BR>
Carnegie Mellon University Africa [https://www.africa.engineering.cmu.edu/ website] and [https://vimeo.com/413919491 video] <BR>
[https://imbizo.africa/ Computational Neuroscience Imbizo] <BR>
[https://deeplearningindaba.com/2020/ Deep Learning Indaba] <BR>
[https://medium.com/radiant-earth-insights/announcing-radiant-earths-online-course-on-machine-learning-for-earth-observation-6628515ae64e Radiant Earth's online course on machine learning for earth observation] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgDPoS3i8Tc&list=PL3QzFgBMGnbRREwZWFPpaFN1WLXKUW6a7 14 videos on YouTube] and
[https://github.com/RadiantMLHub/ml4eo-bootcamp-2021 materials on GitHub]<BR>
[https://trendinafrica.org/trend-camina-computational-neuroscience/ TReND-CaMinA: Computational Neuroscience and Machine learning in Africa]<BR>

===Research Funding Opportunities===
[https://www.acts-net.org/ai4d-africa AI4D Scholarships Enhancing Doctoral Training in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in Sub-Saharan Africa] <BR>
[https://africa.ai4d.ai/about-ai4d/ The Artificial Intelligence for Development in Africa (AI4D Africa) program] <BR>
[https://www.epfl.ch/research/domains/exaf/ The Excellence in Africa Initiative] <BR>
[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_2324 European Union and African Union join forces to empower a new generation of African research talents] <BR>
[https://www.k4all.org/ Knowledge for All] Global South Artificial Intelligence Directory <BR>
[https://www.k4all.org/project/language-dataset-fellowship/ Cracking the Language Barrier for a Multilingual Africa] <BR>
[https://www.k4all.org/project/masakhane-mt-decolonizing-scientific-writing-for-africa/ Masakhane MT: Decolonizing Scientific Writing for Africa] <BR>
[https://www.k4all.org/project/named-entity-recognition-and-parts-of-speech-datasets-for-african-languages/ Named Entity Recognition and parts of Speech Datasets for African Languages] <BR>

=== Responsible AI in Africa===
[[File:new.jpg]]  [https://www.africanobservatory.ai/about African Observatory on Responsible Artificial Intelligence (the African Observatory)] <BR>

===Telemedicine===
[https://babyl.rw/ Babyl] digital health service provider in Rwanda.

===Economic Policy and Impact===
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://africa.ai4d.ai/ Artificial Intelligence for Development Africa] <BR>
[https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/additive-manufacturing-implications-african-economies/60103/ Additive manufacturing: Implications for African economies]<BR>
[https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/ The Fourth Industrial Revolution - what it means and how to respond]<BR>
[https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-and-digitization-will-transform-africa-into-a-global-powerhouse/ The Fourth Industrial Revolution and digitization will transform Africa into a global powerhouse]<BR>
[https://oecd.ai/dashboards National AI policies and strategies] <BR>
[https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tir2020_en.pdf United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - Technology and Innovation Report 2021]<BR>
[https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/presspb2016d6_en.pdf Robots and Industrialization in Developing Countries]<BR>
[https://www.cgdev.org/publication/rise-robot-reserve-army-automation-and-future-economic-development-work-and-wages The Rise of the Robot Reserve Army: Automation and the Future of Economic Development, Work, and Wages in Developing Countries]<BR>
[https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/industry-4-0-africa-ready-march-robots/60366/  Industry 4.0 - Is Africa ready for the march of the robots?]<BR>
[https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/7/ZP_Files/ai-for-africa.zp165664.pdf Artificial intelligence for Africa: an opportunity for growth, development, and democratization] <BR>
[https://www.mamopanel.org/resources/reports-and-briefings/byte-byte-policy-innovation-transforming-africas-f/ Policy innovation for transforming Africa’s food system with digital technologies]<BR>
[https://set.odi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/SET_Future-of-manufacturing_Brief_Final.pdf Digitalisation and the future of African manufacturing: Briefing paper]<BR>
[https://set.odi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/SET_Digitalisation-and-future-of-African-manufacturing_Final.pdf Digitalisation and the future of African manufacturing.] <BR>
[https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/publications/technology-at-work-v2-0-the-future-is-not-what-it-used-to-be/ Technology at Work v2.0 The Future Is Not What It Used to Be] <BR>
[http://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/premature_deindustrialization.pdf Premature Deindustrialization]<BR>
[https://infomineo.com/additive-manufacturing-africa-middle-east/ Could 3D printing revolutionize manufacturing in Africa and the Middle East?] <BR>

===Drones in Africa===
[https://www.tralac.org/documents/news/1978-drones-on-the-horizon-transforming-africa-s-agriculture-nepad-2018.html Drones on the Horizon: Transforming Africa’s Agriculture]<BR>
[https://www.rti.org/impact/using-satellite-images-and-artificial-intelligence-improve-agricultural-resilience AI and remote sensing in agriculture] <BR>
[https://www.cta.int/en/digitalisation/all/article/exploring-the-transformative-power-of-drones-in-rwanda-sid02203f45b-9846-4ecd-ba59-3d8619d9c3e4 Impact of drones in Rwanda]<BR>
[https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics/drones/in-the-air-with-ziplines-medical-delivery-drones In the Air With Zipline’s Medical Delivery Drones  - IEEE Spectrum, April 2019]<BR>
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEbRVNxL44c How Rwanda Built A Drone Delivery Service]: video highlighting the engineering accomplishments of the delivery service <BR>
[https://databricks.com/customers/zipline Data-driven drones deliver lifesaving medical aid around the world] Databricks customer story on Zipline

===AI-related Companies and Applications===
[https://www.aerobotics.com/?identifier=default-sign-up-button Aerobotics]<BR>
[https://digitalumuganda.com/ Digital Umuganda] <BR>
[https://eguide.io/ Electricity Growth and Use in Developing Economies (e-GUIDE) Initiative] uses deep learning, data analytics, and satellite imagery to predict energy demand and consumption. <BR>
[https://www.fenixintl.com/ Fenix International] uses predictive analytics to lend money to those who previously lacked financial services.<BR>
[https://www.heptanalytics.com/ Hepta Analytics]<BR>
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://iconnectpoint.com/ InterConnectPoint] tranforms manufacturing with advanced sensors and machine learning in the agri-industry, mining, oil & gas <BR>
[https://www.icow.co.ke/ iCow] expert information on good farming practices accessed through SMS alerts <BR>
[https://www.mfarm.co.ke/ M-Farm] connects farmers with local buyers and provides a real-time virtual marketplace<BR>
[https://nottoafrica.com/ Notto] a mobile app that acquires images of rent receipts and automatically constructs a credit-worthiness profile of clients which they can use in support of loan and mortgage applications. <BR>
[https://iasystems.co.za/ Professional Drone Services and Analytics]<BR>
[https://ventureburn.com/2017/04/five-artificial-intelligence-startups-africa-look-2017/ Six artificial intelligence startups in Africa to look out for]<BR>
[https://smileidentity.com/ Smile Identity] Real-time digital Know Your Customer (KYC) identity verification, user onboarding, and user authentication across Africa. <BR>
[http://www.thirdeyewater.com/ Third Eye Water]<BR>
[https://charisuas.com/ Charis UAS] Unmanned Aerial Solutions<BR>
[https://www.ubenwa.ai/ Ubenwa] a mobile app that analyses the cry sounds of a newborn to detect early signs of perinatal asphyxia; [https://onucharles.github.io/ Charles Onu], Founder and Research Lead; [https://www.mcgill.ca/channels/article/birth-idea Birth of an Idea]: The Ubenwa Story <BR>
[http://ulima.co/ Ulima] all-in-one app for pre- to post-harvest farming, providing tailored and step-by-step assistance to farmers<BR>

===AI Research Organizations===
[https://www.research.ibm.com/labs/africa/ IBM Research], Nairobi, Kenya, and Johannesburg, South Africa <BR>
[[File:new.jpg]]  [https://www.intelliverseai.com/ Intelliverse] Pioneering Collaborative Artificial Intelligence Research and Innovation across Africa <BR>
[https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/group/microsoft-africa-research-institute-mari/ Microsoft Africa Research Institute (MARI)], Nairobi, Kenya. <BR>
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://researchictafrica.net/ Research ICT Africa] <BR>

===National AI Strategies===
[https://thefuturesociety.org/policies-ai-sustainable-development/ The Future Society] National AI Strategies for Inclusive & Sustainable Development.<BR>
[https://thefuturesociety.org/development-of-rwandas-national-artificial-intelligence-policy/ The Future Society] The Development of Rwanda’s National Artificial Intelligence Policy.<BR>

===Highlights===
Some of these issues are discussed in [http://www.vernon.eu/publications/19_Vernon_RAM.pdf Robotics and Artificial Intelligence in Africa], [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8931075 IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 131-135, December 2019].

Others are highlighted in an invited talk "[http://www.vernon.eu/downloads/Africa_Embraces_AI.pdf Africa Embraces AI, Robotics, and Machine Learning]" (300 MB) given at [https://clawar.org/icres2020/ ICRES 2020], the International Conference on Robot Ethics and Standards, Taipei, September 2020.

[http://vernon.eu/publications/2021_Alupo_et_al.pdf  Realizing the Potential of AI in Africa], co-authored by Charity Delmus Alupo and Daniel Omeiza, in [https://link.springer.com/book/9783031098222 Towards Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence Systems], M. I. Aldinhas Ferreira, O. Tokhi eds. Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering. Springer, 2022.<BR>

=== Essential Footnote ===

[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.horstkoehler.de/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/On-the-impossibility-of-speaking-of-Africa-Horst-Ko%CC%88hler-2014-English-translation.pdf On the impossibility of speaking of Africa] Speech by the former President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Horst Köhler <BR>