Difference between revisions of "Cognitive Robotics"

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|CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY IN RWANDA|

04-801/F3
Cognitive Robotics

Course discipline: TBD

Elective

Units: 12

Lecture/Lab/Rep hours/week: 3 hours lecture/week

Semester: Spring

Pre-requisites: Programming skills

Course description

Cognitive robotics is an emerging discipline that draws on robotics, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science. It often exploits models based on biological cognition.

There are at least two reasons why a cognitive ability is useful in robotics:

1. It allows the robot to work autonomously in challenging environments, adapting to changes and unforeseen situations, and anticipating outcomes when selecting the actions it will perform.
2. It facilitates interaction with people. Humans have a strong preference for interaction with other cognitive agents so being able to exhibit a capacity for cognition encourages human robot interaction. Conversely, a cognitive ability provides the robot with the ability to infer the goals and intentions of the person it is interacting with and thereby allows it to do so in safe and helpful manner.

Cognitive robots achieve their goals by perceiving their environment, paying attention to the events that matter, planning what to do, anticipating the outcome of their own actions and the actions of other agents (people and other robots), and learning from the resultant interaction. They deal with the inherent uncertainty of natural environments by continually learning, reasoning, and sharing their knowledge.

A key feature of cognitive robotics is its focus on predictive capabilities to augment and compensate for perceptual capacities. Also, by being able to view the world from someone else’s perspective, a cognitive robot can anticipate that person’s intended actions and needs.

In cognitive robotics, the robot body can be more than just an instrument for physical manipulation or locomotion: it can also be a component of the cognitive process. In the particular case of humanoid robotics, the robot’s physical morphology, kinematics, and dynamics, as well as the environment in which it is operating, can help it to achieve its key characteristic of adaptive anticipatory interaction by mirroring the actions of the person with whom it is interacting.

This course introduces the key elements of cognitive robotics, touching on all of these issues. In doing so, it emphasizes both theory and practice and makes extensive use of physical robots, both a mobile robots and a manipulator arm, as well as different sensor technologies.

Learning objectives

The primary goal of this course is provide students with an intensive treatment of a cross-section of the key elements of robotics, robot vision, AI, and cognitive science. Students will learn about the fundamentals of 2D and 3D visual sensing, focussing on the some essential techniques for mobile robots and robot arms. They will then learn about the kinematics and inverse kinematics of mobile robots, addressing locomotion, mapping, and path planning, as well as robot arm kinematics and inverse kinematics, task specification, and object manipulation. Based on these foundations, students will progress quickly to cover the topics that gives cognitive robotics its special focus, including cognitive architectures, learning and development, memory, attention, prospection by internal simulation, learning from demonstration, and social interaction.

Outcomes

After completing this course, students should be able to:

• Apply their knowledge of machine vision and robot kinematics to create computer programs that control mobile robots and robot arms, enabling the robots to recognize and manipulate objects and navigate their environments.
• Explain how a robot can be designed to exhibit cognitive goal-directed behaviour through the integration of computer models of visual attention, reasoning, learning, prospection, and social interaction.
• Create computer programs that realize limited instances of each of these models.

Content details

Refer to the Lecture Schedule for information on course delivery, including lectures, assignments, and exercises.

The course will cover the following topics:

• Introduction to cognitive robotics.
• Robot vision.
• Visual attention.
• Mobile robots.
• Robot arms.
• Cognitive architectures.
• Learning and development.
• Memory and Prospection.
• Internal simulation.
• Learning from demonstration.
• Social interaction.

The detailed content for each of these topics follows.

Cognitive robotics

• Introduction to AI and cognition in robotics.
• Industrial requirements.
• Artificial cognitive systems.
• Cognitivist, emergent, and hybrid paradigms in cognitive science.
• Autonomy.

Robot vision

• Optics, sensors, and image formation.
• Image acquisition.
• Image filtering.
• Edge detection.
• Segmentation.
• Hough transform: line, circle, and generalized transform; extension to codeword features.
• Colour-based segmentation.
• Object recognition.
• Interest point operators.
• Gradient orientation histogram - SIFT descriptor.
• Colour histogram intersection.
• Haar features, boosting, face detection.
• Homogeneous coordinates and transformations.
• Perspective transformation.
• Camera model and inverse perspective transformation.
• Stereo vision.
• Epipolar geometry.
• Structured light & RGB-D cameras.
• Plane pop-out.
• RANSAC.
• Differential geometry.
• Surface normals and Gaussian sphere.
• Point clouds.
• 3D descriptors.

Visual attention

• Visual attention.
• Spatial & selective attention.
• Saliency functions.
• Selective Tuning.
• Overt attention.
• Inhibition of return.
• Habituation.
• Top-down attention.

Mobile robots

• Differential drive locomotion.
• Forward and inverse kinematics.
• Holonomic and non-holonomic constraints.
• Cozmo mobile robot.
• Relative and absolute position estimation.
• Odometry.
• Map representation.
• Probabilistic map-based localization.
• Landmark-based localization.
• SLAM: simulataneous localization and mapping.
• Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) SLAM.
• Visual SLAM.
• Particle filter SLAM.
• Graph search path planning.
• Potential field path planning.
• Navigation. Obstacle avoidance.
• Object search.

Robot arms

• Homogeneous transformations.
• Frame-based pose specification.
• Denavit-Hartenberg specifications.
• Robot kinematics.
• Analytic inverse kinematics.
• Iterative approaches.
• Kinematic structure learning.
• Kinematics structure correspondences.
• Robot manipulation.
• Frame-based task specification.
• Vision-based pose estimation.
• Programming by demonstration.
• Language-based programming.

Cognitive architectures

• Role and requirements.
• Cognitive architecture schemas.
• Example cognitive architectures including Soar, ACT-R, Clarion, LIDA, and ISAC.
• The standard model.
• CRAM: Cognitive Robot Abstract Machine.
• CRAM Plan Language (CPL).
• Knowledge representation, processing, and reasoning: KnowRob and OpenEASE.

Learning and development

• Supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning.
• Hebbian learning.
• Predictive sequence learning (PSL).
• Learning from demonstration.
• Cognitive development in humans and robots.
• Value systems for developmental and cognitive robots.

Memory and Prospection

• Declarative vs. procedural memory.
• Semantic memory.
• Episodic memory.

Internal simulation

• Episodic future thinking.
• Forward and inverse models.
• Internal simulation hypothesis.
• Internal simulation with PSL.
• HAMMER cognitive architecture.

Social interaction

• Joint action.
• Joint attention.
• Shared intention.
• Shared goals.
• Perspective taking & Theory of Mind.
• Action and intention recognition.
• Embodied cognition.
• Humanoid robotics.

Lecture Schedule

Refer to the Lecture Schedule for information on course delivery, including lectures, assignments, and exercises.

Faculty

David Vernon

Delivery

Face-to-face.

Student assessment

Lab assignments 50% Mid-term exam 20% Final exam 30%

Robots and sensors

Kinect for Windows

Orabec Astra RGBD sensor

Anki Cozmo mobile robot

Lynxmotion AL5D Robotic Arm with BotBoarduino interface

Software tools

(A complete software installation guide will be provided in due course.)

OpenCV.

Technische Universität Wien Software Tools.

BLORT - The Blocks World Robotic Toolbox from Technische Universität Wien.

V4R Library -The Vision4Robotics library (RGB-D point cloud) from Technische Universität Wien.

Python 3.5.2 for Mac OS X or Windows. You may need to update Tcl/TK to version 8.5.18.0 (see Python documentation).

Anki Cozmo SDK

Arduino sketch programs for Lynxmotion

Imperial College London (ICL) Personal Robotics Lab Software Tools

HAMMER cognitive architecture based on the simulation theory of mind from ICL

Kinect SDK v1.8

Markerless Perspective Taking from ICL

openEASE web-based knowledge service

Recommended reading

Argall, B. D., Chernova, S., Veloso,M., and Browning, B. (2009). "A survey of robot learning from demonstration". Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 57:469–483, 2009.

Beetz, M., Mösenlechner, L., and Tenorth, M. (2010). "CRAM - A Cognitive Robot Abstract Machine for Everyday Manipulation in Human Environments", IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 1012-1017.

Billard, A., Calinon, S., Dillmann, R. and Schaal, S. (2008). "Robot programming by demonstration". In Springer Handbook of Robotics, pages 1371–1394.

Billing, E., Hellström, T., and Janlert, L-E. (2011). "Predictive Learning from Demonstration", in ICAART 2010, CCIS 129, Filipe, J., Fred, A., and Sharp, B. (Eds.), pp. 186-200.

Billing, E. Svensson, H., Lowe, R. and Ziemke, T. (2016). "Finding Your Way from the Bed to the Kitchen: Reenacting and Recombining Sensorimotor Episodes Learned from Human Demonstration", Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol. 3.

Borji, A. and Itti, L. (2013). "State-of-the-Art in Visual Attention Modeling", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine intelligence, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 185-207.

Cangelosi, A. and Schlesinger, M. (2015). Developmental Robotics: From Babies to Robots. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Chella, A., Kurup, U., Laird, J., Trafton, G., Vinokurov, J., Chandrasekaran, B. (2013). "The Challenge of Robotics for Cognitive Architectures", Proc. 12th International Conference on Cognitive Modelling.

Dechter, R. (2003). Constraint Programming, Morgan Kaufman.

Demiris, Y. and Khadhouri, B. (2006). "Hierarchical attentive multiple models for execution and recognition (HAMMER). Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 54:361–369.

Fischer, T. and Demiris, Y. (2016), "Markerless Perspective Taking for Humanoid Robots in Unconstrained Environments", 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 3309-3316.

Harmon, M. and Harmon, S. (1997). Reinforcement Learning: A Tutorial

Kragic, D. and Vincze, M. (2010). "Vision for Robotics", Foundation and Trends in Robotics, Vol 1, No 1, pp 1–78.

Lungarella, M., Metta, G., Pfeifer, R. and Sandini, G. (2003). "Developmental Robotics: A Survey", Connection Science, 17, pp. 151-190.

Mansouri, M. and Pecora, F. "More knowledge on the table: Planning with space, time and resources for robots", Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA).

Merrick, K (2016). "Value systems for developmental cognitive robotics: a survey", Cognitive Systems Research, in press.]

Paul, R. (1981). Robot Manipulators: Mathematics, Programming, and Control. MIT Press.

Russell, S. and Norvig. P. (2014). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Pearson Education.

Sarabia, M., Ros, R. & Demiris, Y. (2011) Towards and open-source social middleware for humanoid robots in Proceedings of the IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, pp.670-675.

Scheutz, M., Harris, J., Schermerhorn, P. (2013). Systematic Integration of Cognitive and Robotic Architectures, Advances in Cognitive Systems, Vol. 2, pp. 277-296.

Sun, R. and C. L. Giles (2001). "Sequence Learning: From Recognition and Prediction to Sequential Decision Making", IEEE Intelligent Systems and Their Applications, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 67-70.

Szeliski, R. (2010). Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications, Springer.

Vernon, D. (1991). Machine Vision: Automated Visual Inspection and Robot Vision, Prentice-Hall, 1991.

Vernon, D. (2014). Artificial Cognitive Systems - A Primer, MIT Press, 2014. 

Vernon, D., von Hofsten, C. and Fadiga, L. (2016). "Desiderata for Developmental Cognitive Architectures", Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures, Vol. 18, pp. 116-127, 2016.

Documentation

Dive Into Python 3 (humansize.py example)

Cozmo SDK API

OpenCV Python Tutorial

Point Cloud Tutorial

Python Tutorial

ROS Tutorial

HAMMER Tutorial

OpenEase

Acknowledgments

The syllabus for this course drew inspiration from several sources. These include the following.

• Course 15-494/694 Cognitive Robotics given by Dave Touretzky at Carnegie Mellon University.
• Course VO 4.0 376.054 Machine Vision and Cognitive Robotics given by Markus Vincze, Michael Zillich, and Daniel Wolf at Technische Universität Wien.
• Course IT921F Artificial Cognitive Systems given by David Vernon at the University of Skövde.