Difference between revisions of "LaTeX Examples"

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(Created page with "Here are some LaTex Examples % This is a small sample LaTeX input file (Version of 10 April 1994) % % Use this file as a model for making your own LaTeX input file. % Everyth...")
 
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Here are some LaTex Examples
+
% This is a sample LaTeX input file.  (Version of 11 April 1994.)
−
 
+
−
% This is a small sample LaTeX input file (Version of 10 April 1994)
+
 
%
 
%
−
% Use this file as a model for making your own LaTeX input file.
+
% A '%' character causes TeX to ignore all remaining text on the line,
−
% Everything to the right of a  %  is a remark to you and is ignored by LaTeX.
+
% and is used for comments like this one.
 +
 
 +
\documentclass{article}      % Specifies the document class
 +
 
 +
                            % The preamble begins here.
 +
\title{An Example Document}  % Declares the document's title.
 +
\author{Leslie Lamport}      % Declares the author's name.
 +
\date{\today}      % Deleting this command produces today's date.
 +
 
 +
\newcommand{\ip}[2]{(#1, #2)}
 +
                            % Defines \ip{arg1}{arg2} to mean
 +
                            % (arg1, arg2).
 +
 
 +
%\newcommand{\ip}[2]{\langle #1 | #2\rangle}
 +
                            % This is an alternative definition of
 +
                            % \ip that is commented out.
 +
 
 +
\begin{document}            % End of preamble and beginning of text.
 +
 
 +
\maketitle                  % Produces the title.
 +
 
 +
This is an example input file.  Comparing it with
 +
the output it generates can show you how to
 +
produce a simple document of your own.
 +
 
 +
\section{Ordinary Text}      % Produces section heading.  Lower-level
 +
                            % sections are begun with similar
 +
                            % \subsection and \subsubsection commands.
 +
 
 +
The ends  of words and sentences are marked
 +
  by  spaces. It  doesn't matter how many
 +
spaces    you type; one is as good as 100.  The
 +
end of  a line counts as a space.
 +
 
 +
One  or more  blank lines denote the  end
 +
of  a paragraph. 
 +
 
 +
Since any number of consecutive spaces are treated
 +
like a single one, the formatting of the input
 +
file makes no difference to
 +
      \LaTeX,                % The \LaTeX command generates the LaTeX logo.
 +
but it makes a difference to you.  When you use
 +
\LaTeX, making your input file as easy to read
 +
as possible will be a great help as you write
 +
your document and when you change it.  This sample
 +
file shows how you can add comments to your own input  
 +
file.
 +
 
 +
Because printing is different from typewriting,
 +
there are a number of things that you have to do
 +
differently when preparing an input file than if
 +
you were just typing the document directly.
 +
Quotation marks like
 +
      ``this''
 +
have to be handled specially, as do quotes within
 +
quotes:
 +
      ``\,`this'            % \, separates the double and single quote.
 +
        is what I just
 +
        wrote, not  `that'\,''. 
 +
 
 +
Dashes come in three sizes: an
 +
      intra-word
 +
dash, a medium dash for number ranges like
 +
      1--2,
 +
and a punctuation
 +
      dash---like
 +
this.
 +
 
 +
A sentence-ending space should be larger than the
 +
space between words within a sentence.  You
 +
sometimes have to type special commands in
 +
conjunction with punctuation characters to get
 +
this right, as in the following sentence.
 +
      Gnats, gnus, etc.\ all % `\ ' makes an inter-word space.
 +
      begin with G\@.        % \@ marks end-of-sentence punctuation.
 +
You should check the spaces after periods when
 +
reading your output to make sure you haven't
 +
forgotten any special cases. Generating an
 +
ellipsis
 +
      \ldots\              % `\ ' is needed after `\ldots' because TeX
 +
                            % ignores spaces after command names like \ldots
 +
                            % made from \ + letters.
 +
                            %
 +
                            % Note how a `%' character causes TeX to ignore
 +
                            % the end of the input line, so these blank lines
 +
                            % do not start a new paragraph.
 +
                            %
 +
with the right spacing around the periods requires
 +
a special command.
 +
 
 +
\LaTeX\ interprets some common characters as
 +
commands, so you must type special commands to
 +
generate them.  These characters include the
 +
following:
 +
      \$ \& \% \# \{ and \}.
 +
 
 +
In printing, text is usually emphasized with an
 +
      \emph{italic} 
 +
type style.
 +
 
 +
\begin{em}
 +
  A long segment of text can also be emphasized
 +
  in this way.  Text within such a segment can be
 +
  given \emph{additional} emphasis.
 +
\end{em}
  
−
% The Local Guide tells how to run LaTeX.
+
It is sometimes necessary to prevent \LaTeX\ from
 +
breaking a line where it might otherwise do so.
 +
This may be at a space, as between the ``Mr.'' and
 +
``Jones'' in
 +
      ``Mr.~Jones'',        % ~ produces an unbreakable interword space.
 +
or within a word---especially when the word is a
 +
symbol like
 +
      \mbox{\emph{itemnum}}
 +
that makes little sense when hyphenated across
 +
lines.
  
−
% WARNING!  Do not type any of the following 10 characters except as directed:
+
Footnotes\footnote{This is an example of a footnote.}
−
%                &  $  #  %  _  {   }   ^  ~  \ 
+
pose no problem.
  
−
\documentclass{article}       % Your input file must contain these two lines
+
\LaTeX\ is good at typesetting mathematical formulas
−
\begin{document}               % plus the \end{document} command at the end.
+
like
 +
      \( x-3y + z = 7 \)
 +
or
 +
      \( a_{1} > x^{2n} + y^{2n} > x' \)
 +
or 
 +
      \( \ip{A}{B} = \sum_{i} a_{i} b_{i} \).
 +
The spaces you type in a formula are
 +
ignored.  Remember that a letter like
 +
      $x$                  % $ ... $  and  \( ... \)  are equivalent
 +
is a formula when it denotes a mathematical
 +
symbol, and it should be typed as one.
  
−
\section{Simple Text}         % This command makes a section title.
+
\section{Displayed Text}
  
−
Words are separated by one or more spaces.  Paragraphs are separated by
+
Text is displayed by indenting it from the left
−
one or more blank lines.  The output is not affected by adding extra
+
margin.  Quotations are commonly displayed.  There
−
spaces or extra blank lines to the input file.
+
are short quotations
 +
\begin{quote}
 +
  This is a short a quotation.  It consists of a
 +
  single paragraph of text.  See how it is formatted.
 +
\end{quote}
 +
and longer ones.
 +
\begin{quotation}
 +
  This is a longer quotation.  It consists of two
 +
  paragraphs of text, neither of which are
 +
  particularly interesting.
  
−
Double quotes are typed like this: ``quoted text''.
+
  This is the second paragraph of the quotation.  It
−
Single quotes are typed like this: `single-quoted text'.
+
  is just as dull as the first paragraph.
 +
\end{quotation}
 +
Another frequently-displayed structure is a list.
 +
The following is an example of an \emph{itemized}
 +
list.
 +
\begin{itemize}
 +
  \item This is the first item of an itemized list.
 +
        Each item in the list is marked with a ``tick''.
 +
        You don't have to worry about what kind of tick
 +
        mark is used.
  
−
Long dashes are typed as three dash characters --- like this.
+
  \item This is the second item of the list. It
−
Your can also have short dashes.   
+
        contains another list nested inside it.  The inner
 +
        list is an \emph{enumerated} list.
 +
        \begin{enumerate}
 +
            \item This is the first item of an enumerated
 +
                  list that is nested within the itemized list.
  
−
Emphasized text is typed like this: \emph{this is emphasized}.
+
            \item This is the second item of the inner list. 
−
Bold      text is typed like this: \textbf{this is bold}.
+
                  \LaTeX\ allows you to nest lists deeper than
 +
                  you really should.
 +
        \end{enumerate}
 +
        This is the rest of the second item of the outer
 +
        list. It is no more interesting than any other
 +
        part of the item.
 +
  \item This is the third item of the list.
 +
\end{itemize}
 +
You can even display poetry.
 +
\begin{verse}
 +
  There is an environment
 +
    for verse \\            % The \\ command separates lines
 +
  Whose features some poets % within a stanza.
 +
  will curse.  
  
−
\subsection{A Warning or Two}  % This command makes a subsection title.
+
                            % One or more blank lines separate stanzas.
  
−
If you get too much space after a mid-sentence period---abbreviations
+
  For instead of making\\
−
like etc.\ are the common culprits)---then type a backslash followed by
+
  Them do \emph{all} line breaking, \\
−
a space after the period, as in this sentence.
+
  It allows them to put too many words on a line when they'd rather be
 +
  forced to be terse.
 +
\end{verse}
  
−
Remember, don't type the 10 special characters (such as dollar sign and
+
Mathematical formulas may also be displayed. A
−
backslash) except as directed! The following seven are printed by
+
displayed formula
−
typing a backslash in front of them:  \$ \&  \#  \%  \_  \{ and  \}. 
+
is
−
The manual tells how to make other symbols.
+
one-line long; multiline
 +
formulas require special formatting instructions.
 +
  \[ \ip{\Gamma}{\psi'} = x'' + y^{2} + z_{i}^{n}\]
 +
Don't start a paragraph with a displayed equation,
 +
nor make one a paragraph by itself.
  
−
\end{document}                 % The input file ends with this command.
+
\end{document}               % End of document.

Revision as of 09:42, 23 March 2017

% This is a sample LaTeX input file. (Version of 11 April 1994.) % % A '%' character causes TeX to ignore all remaining text on the line, % and is used for comments like this one.

\documentclass{article}  % Specifies the document class 

                            % The preamble begins here.

\title{An Example Document}  % Declares the document's title. \author{Leslie Lamport}  % Declares the author's name. \date{\today}  % Deleting this command produces today's date.

\newcommand{\ip}[2]{(#1, #2)} 

                            % Defines \ip{arg1}{arg2} to mean
                            % (arg1, arg2).

%\newcommand{\ip}[2]{\langle #1 | #2\rangle} 

                            % This is an alternative definition of
                            % \ip that is commented out.

\begin{document}  % End of preamble and beginning of text.

\maketitle  % Produces the title.

This is an example input file. Comparing it with the output it generates can show you how to produce a simple document of your own.

\section{Ordinary Text}  % Produces section heading. Lower-level 

                            % sections are begun with similar 
                            % \subsection and \subsubsection commands.

The ends of words and sentences are marked 

 by   spaces. It  doesn't matter how many

spaces you type; one is as good as 100. The end of a line counts as a space.

One or more blank lines denote the end of a paragraph.

Since any number of consecutive spaces are treated like a single one, the formatting of the input file makes no difference to 

     \LaTeX,                % The \LaTeX command generates the LaTeX logo.

but it makes a difference to you. When you use \LaTeX, making your input file as easy to read as possible will be a great help as you write your document and when you change it. This sample file shows how you can add comments to your own input file.

Because printing is different from typewriting, there are a number of things that you have to do differently when preparing an input file than if you were just typing the document directly. Quotation marks like 

      ``this

have to be handled specially, as do quotes within quotes: 

      ``\,`this'            % \, separates the double and single quote.
       is what I just 
       wrote, not  `that'\,.

Dashes come in three sizes: an 

      intra-word

dash, a medium dash for number ranges like 

      1--2,

and a punctuation 

      dash---like

this.

A sentence-ending space should be larger than the space between words within a sentence. You sometimes have to type special commands in conjunction with punctuation characters to get this right, as in the following sentence. 

      Gnats, gnus, etc.\ all  % `\ ' makes an inter-word space.
      begin with G\@.         % \@ marks end-of-sentence punctuation.

You should check the spaces after periods when reading your output to make sure you haven't forgotten any special cases. Generating an ellipsis 

      \ldots\               % `\ ' is needed after `\ldots' because TeX 
                            % ignores spaces after command names like \ldots 
                            % made from \ + letters.
                            %
                            % Note how a `%' character causes TeX to ignore 
                            % the end of the input line, so these blank lines 
                            % do not start a new paragraph.
                            %

with the right spacing around the periods requires a special command.

\LaTeX\ interprets some common characters as commands, so you must type special commands to generate them. These characters include the following: 

      \$ \& \% \# \{ and \}.

In printing, text is usually emphasized with an 

      \emph{italic}

type style.

\begin{em} 

  A long segment of text can also be emphasized 
  in this way.  Text within such a segment can be 
  given \emph{additional} emphasis.

\end{em}

It is sometimes necessary to prevent \LaTeX\ from breaking a line where it might otherwise do so. This may be at a space, as between the ``Mr. and ``Jones in 

      ``Mr.~Jones,        % ~ produces an unbreakable interword space.

or within a word---especially when the word is a symbol like 

      \mbox{\emph{itemnum}}

that makes little sense when hyphenated across lines.

Footnotes\footnote{This is an example of a footnote.} pose no problem.

\LaTeX\ is good at typesetting mathematical formulas like 

      \( x-3y + z = 7 \)

or 

      \( a_{1} > x^{2n} + y^{2n} > x' \)

or 

      \( \ip{A}{B} = \sum_{i} a_{i} b_{i} \).

The spaces you type in a formula are ignored. Remember that a letter like 

      $x$                   % $ ... $  and  \( ... \)  are equivalent

is a formula when it denotes a mathematical symbol, and it should be typed as one.

\section{Displayed Text}

Text is displayed by indenting it from the left margin. Quotations are commonly displayed. There are short quotations \begin{quote} 

  This is a short a quotation.  It consists of a 
  single paragraph of text.  See how it is formatted.

\end{quote} and longer ones. \begin{quotation} 

  This is a longer quotation.  It consists of two
  paragraphs of text, neither of which are
  particularly interesting.

  This is the second paragraph of the quotation.  It
  is just as dull as the first paragraph.

\end{quotation} Another frequently-displayed structure is a list. The following is an example of an \emph{itemized} list. \begin{itemize} 

  \item This is the first item of an itemized list.
        Each item in the list is marked with a ``tick.
        You don't have to worry about what kind of tick
        mark is used.

  \item This is the second item of the list.  It
        contains another list nested inside it.  The inner
        list is an \emph{enumerated} list.
        \begin{enumerate}
           \item This is the first item of an enumerated 
                 list that is nested within the itemized list.

           \item This is the second item of the inner list.  
                 \LaTeX\ allows you to nest lists deeper than 
                 you really should.
        \end{enumerate}
        This is the rest of the second item of the outer
        list.  It is no more interesting than any other
        part of the item.
  \item This is the third item of the list.

\end{itemize} You can even display poetry. \begin{verse} 

  There is an environment 
   for verse \\             % The \\ command separates lines
  Whose features some poets % within a stanza.
  will curse.   

                            % One or more blank lines separate stanzas.

  For instead of making\\
  Them do \emph{all} line breaking, \\
  It allows them to put too many words on a line when they'd rather be 
  forced to be terse.

\end{verse}

Mathematical formulas may also be displayed. A displayed formula is one-line long; multiline formulas require special formatting instructions. 

  \[  \ip{\Gamma}{\psi'} = x + y^{2} + z_{i}^{n}\]

Don't start a paragraph with a displayed equation, nor make one a paragraph by itself.

\end{document}  % End of document.

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