Principles of Computer Programming
From David Vernon's Wiki
Here are some code segments for the examples in the course on principles of computer programming.
/* Example 1 */
/* This is a C program to ask you to type a letter */
/* and then to tell you what you typed */
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char letter;
printf("Please type a letter & then press Return >>");
scanf("%c",&letter);
printf("You typed the letter %c", letter);
}
If you compile and run this on Microsoft Visual C++, you won't see anything because the window in which the program executes disappears as soon as the program exits. One solution is to wait until the user presses a key to exit. You can use the following code to do this. This won't be necessary if you are running the program from the terminal in Linux having compiled it with gcc, for example.
#include <conio.h>
...
printf("\nPress any key to continue\n");
_getch();
Here are the rest of the examples.
/* Example 2 */
/* This is a C program to ask you to enter two */
/* numbers; it then compares them and prints a */
/* message to say whether they are equal or not */
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int first_number, second_number;
printf("Type a number and then press Enter >>");
scanf("%d",&first_number);
printf("Type another number and then press Enter >>");
scanf("%d",&second_number);
if (first_number == second_number)
printf("The two numbers %d are identical", first_number);
else
printf("The two numbers %d and %d are different", first_number, second_number);
}
/* Example 2b */
/* This is a C program to ask you to enter three */
/* numbers; it then compares them and prints a */
/* message to say whether they are equal or not */
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int first_number, second_number, third_number;
printf("Please type three numbers .... \n");
printf("Enter the first number >>");
scanf("%d",&first_number);
printf("Enter the second number >>");
scanf("%d",&second_number);
printf("Enter the third number >>");
scanf("%d",&third_number);
if (first_number == second_number)
if (second_number == third_number)
printf("The three numbers %d are identical",
first_number);
if (first_number != second_number)
if (second_number != third_number)
if (first_number != third_number)
printf("The three numbers %d %d %d are all different",
first_number, second_number, third_number);
}
/* Example 3a */
/* Compute the total value of 7 Scrabble letters */
/* Input: the user is prompted to enter each letter */
/* in turn */
/* Output: the program prints the sum of the seven */
/* individual letter values */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
int main() {
char letter, enter;
int scrabble_value,
total_scrabble_value,
i; /* not the same as 'i' */
int debug;
/* debug is a flag. If it is TRUE we will execute some printf */
/* statements to help see what the program is doing. */
/* if it is FALSE, we won't! */
debug = TRUE;
/* initialize variables */
total_scrabble_value = 0;
scrabble_value = 0;
/* use a for loop to read seven values*/
for (i=0; i < 7; i++)
{
printf("Please type a letter and then press Return >>");
scanf("%c",&letter);
scanf("%c",&enter); /* skip enter character */
letter = toupper(letter); /* convert the letter to uppercase */
/* note this works even if the letter */
/* is already in upper case */
if ((letter == 'A') ||
(letter == 'E') ||
(letter == 'I') ||
(letter == 'L') ||
(letter == 'N') ||
(letter == 'O') ||
(letter == 'R') ||
(letter == 'S') ||
(letter == 'T') ||
(letter == 'U'))
{
scrabble_value = 1;
if (debug == TRUE)
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
}
else
if ((letter == 'D') ||
(letter == 'G'))
{
scrabble_value = 2;
if (debug == TRUE) {
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
}
}
else
if ((letter == 'B') ||
(letter == 'C') ||
(letter == 'M') ||
(letter == 'P'))
{
scrabble_value = 3;
if (debug == TRUE)
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
}
else
if ((letter == 'F') ||
(letter == 'H') ||
(letter == 'V') ||
(letter == 'W') ||
(letter == 'Y'))
{
scrabble_value = 4;
if (debug == TRUE)
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
}
else
if ((letter == 'K'))
{
scrabble_value = 5;
if (debug == TRUE)
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
}
else
if ((letter == 'J') ||
(letter == 'X') )
{
scrabble_value = 8;
if (debug == TRUE)
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
}
else
if ((letter == 'Z') ||
(letter == 'Q') )
{
scrabble_value = 10;
if (debug == TRUE)
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
}
else
printf("You typed the character %c ... that's not allowed\n", letter);
/* now add the value to the total */
total_scrabble_value = total_scrabble_value + scrabble_value;
}
printf("The Scrabble value of the seven letters is %d",
total_scrabble_value);
}
/* Example 3b */
/* Compute the total value of 7 Scrabble letters */
/* Input: the user is prompted to enter each letter */
/* in turn */
/* Output: the program prints the sum of the seven */
/* individual letter values */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
int main() {
char letter, enter;
int scrabble_value,
total_scrabble_value,
i; /* not the same as 'i' */
int debug;
/* debug is a flag. If it is TRUE we will execute some printf */
/* statements to help see what the program is doing. */
/* if it is FALSE, we won't! */
debug = TRUE;
/* initialize variables */
total_scrabble_value = 0;
scrabble_value = 0;
/* use a for loop to read seven values*/
for (i=0; i < 7; i++)
{
printf("Please type a letter and then press Return >>");
scanf("%c",&letter);
scanf("%c",&enter); /* skip enter character */
letter = toupper(letter); /* convert the letter to uppercase */
/* note this works even if the letter */
/* is already in upper case */
switch (letter) {
case 'A':
case 'E':
case 'I':
case 'L':
case 'N':
case 'O':
case 'R':
case 'S':
case 'T':
case 'U': scrabble_value = 1;
if (debug == TRUE)
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
break;
case 'D':
case 'G': scrabble_value = 2;
if (debug == TRUE) {
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
}
break;
case 'B':
case 'C':
case 'M':
case 'P': scrabble_value = 3;
if (debug == TRUE)
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
break;
case 'F':
case 'H':
case 'V':
case 'W':
case 'Y': scrabble_value = 4;
if (debug == TRUE)
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
break;
case 'K': scrabble_value = 5;
if (debug == TRUE)
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
break;
case 'J':
case 'X': scrabble_value = 8;
if (debug == TRUE)
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
break;
case 'Z':
case 'Q': scrabble_value = 10;
if (debug == TRUE)
printf("the letter %c has the value %d\n", letter, scrabble_value);
break;
default: printf("You typed the character %c ... that's not allowed\n", letter);
break;
} /* end of the switch statement */
/* now add the value to the total */
total_scrabble_value = total_scrabble_value + scrabble_value;
}
printf("The Scrabble value of the seven letters is %d",
total_scrabble_value);
}
/* A program to prompt the user three times and reads three numbers. */
/* It compare these three numbers and tell the user whether */
/* */
/* - all three numbers are the same */
/* - all three numbers are different */
/* - just two numbers are the same */
/* in this case, it also tells the user which two numbers they are */
/* */
/* The program continues to ask the user for input until he enters */
/* three zeros. */
#include <stdio.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
int main() {
int n1, n2, n3;
/* give the numbers initial values */
n1 = 1;
n2 = 1;
n3 = 1;
/* while the three numbers are not all zero */
while ((n1 != 0) && (n2 != 0) && (n3 != 0)) {
printf("Please enter the first number >>");
scanf("%d",&n1);
printf("Please enter the second number >>");
scanf("%d",&n2);
printf("Please enter the third number >>");
scanf("%d",&n3);
/* check to see if they are all the same */
if ((n1 == n2) && (n2 == n3) && (n1 == n3)) {
printf(" The three numbers are all the same. \n");
}
else {
if ((n1 != n2) && (n2 != n3) && (n1 != n3)) {
printf("The three numbers are all the different.\n");
}
else {
/* two are the same - which are they? */
if (n1 == n2) {
printf("The first and second numbers are the same: %d %\n”, n1, n2);
}
else {
if (n2 == n3) {
printf("The second and third numbers are the same: %d %d\n", n2, n3);
}
else {
/* no need to check if the first and third */
/* are the same ... it's the only possibility */
printf("The first and third numbers are the same:%d %d\n", n1, n2);
}
}
}
}
}
}
/* a program to call a function called max */
/* max returns the maximum of two floating point numbers */
#include <stdio.h>
float max(float a, float b)
{
float c; /* local variable */
if (a > b) {
c = a;
}
else {
c = b;
}
return(c);
}
int main()
{
FILE *fp_in, *fp_out;
float x, y, z;
int end_of_file;
/* open the files */
/* no checking for the moment */
fp_in = fopen("input.txt", "r");
fp_out = fopen("max.txt", "w");
end_of_file = fscanf(fp_in, "%f %f", &x, &y);
while (end_of_file != EOF)
{
z = max(x, y);
fprintf(fp_out, "%5.2f\n ", z);
end_of_file = fscanf(fp_in, "%f %f", &x, &y);
};
fclose(fp_in);
fclose(fp_out);
}
/* Program to read pairs of numbers from the input file */
/* and calls a function max which returns the maximum of */
/* of two floating point numbers. */
/* This maximum is then written to an output file */
/* the input file is read until we reach the end of file */
#include <stdio.h>
float max(float a, float b)
{
float c; /* local variable */
if (a > b) {
c = a;
}
else {
c = b;
}
return(c);
}
int main()
{
FILE *fp_in, *fp_out;
float x, y, z;
int end_of_file;
/* open the files */
/* no checking for the moment */
fp_in = fopen("input.txt", "r");
fp_out = fopen("max.txt", "w");
/* read until we reach the end of file ... version A */
end_of_file = fscanf(fp_in, "%f %f", &x, &y);
while (end_of_file != EOF)
{
z = max(x, y);
fprintf(fp_out, "%5.2f\n ", z);
end_of_file = fscanf(fp_in, "%f %f", &x, &y);
};
/* read until we reach the end of file ... version B */
/* note: this version is equivalent to version A */
/* but it puts the fscanf in the while condition */
/* while (fscanf(fp_in, "%f %f", &x, &y) != EOF) */
/* { */
/* z = max(x, y); */
/* fprintf(fp_out, "%5.2f\n ", z); */
/* }; */
fclose(fp_in);
fclose(fp_out);
}
/* Program to read a sequence of numbers from the input file, */
/* compute the average of the numbers (ignoring zeros) */
/* replace all occurrences of zero with the average */
/* and write the numbers to an output file */
/* Note: we use four loops ... we could use fewer but it */
/* means doing more than one thing in each loop ... */
/* we will do this next day. */
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 100
int main()
{
FILE *fp_in, *fp_out;
float numbers[MAX];
float average, sum=0;
int n, count, i, non_zeros;
int end_of_file;
/* open the files */
/* no checking for the moment */
fp_in = fopen("input.txt", "r");
fp_out = fopen("output.txt", "w");
/* read until we reach the end of file ... version A */
/* store all the numbers in an array */
count= 0;
end_of_file = fscanf(fp_in, "%d", &n);
while (end_of_file != EOF)
{
numbers[count] = n;
count = count + 1;
end_of_file = fscanf(fp_in, "%d", &n);
}
/* the integers are in the array numbers and the variable count */
/* hold the number we read */
/* find the average but ignore the zeros */
sum = 0;
non_zeros = 0;
for (i=0; i<count; i++)
{
if (numbers[i] != 0) {
sum = sum + numbers[i];
non_zeros = non_zeros + 1;
}
}
average = sum / non_zeros;
/* replace the zero with the average */
for (i=0; i<count; i++)
{
if (numbers[i] == 0) {
numbers[i]= average;
}
}
/* write out all the numbers to the output file */
for (i=0; i<count; i++)
{
fprintf(fp_out, "%f ", numbers[i]);
}
fclose(fp_in);
fclose(fp_out);
}
/* Program to read a file of integer numbers, 5 per line */
/* the 5 numbers represent the x, y, r, g, b values of a point */
/* Each point is stored in an array */
/* Write out the r, g, b values of each point to an output file */
/* */
/* Input file: points.txt */
/* Output file: colours.txt */
/* */
/* NOTE: this program is intended to illustrate the use of */
/* structures in C */
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
/*** define structure types ***/
struct colour {
int red;
int green;
int blue;
};
struct point {
int x;
int y;
struct colour clr;
};
FILE *fin, *fout;
struct point ps[100]; /* assume a maximum of 100 points in the input file */
int temp_r, temp_g, temp_b, temp_x, temp_y, i, count;
fin = fopen("points.txt", "r");
if (fin == 0) {
printf("Error ... can't open file points.txt\n");
exit(0);
}
fout = fopen("colours.txt", "w");
if (fout == 0) {
printf("Error ... can't open file colours.txt\n");
exit(0);
}
/* files are open so now we read in the point information */
i = 0;
while (fscanf(fin, "%d %d %d %d %d", &temp_x, &temp_y,
&temp_r, &temp_g, &temp_b) != EOF) {
/* store the values read in my array of points */
ps[i].x = temp_x;
ps[i].y = temp_y;
ps[i].clr.red = temp_r;
ps[i].clr.green = temp_g;
ps[i].clr.blue = temp_b;
i++;
}
/* remember how many points we read */
count = i;
/* now write out just the rgb values to the output file */
for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
fprintf(fout, "%d %d %d \n", ps[i].clr.red, ps[i].clr.green, ps[i].clr.blue);
}
fclose(fin);
fclose(fout);
}
/* Program to read a file of integer numbers, 5 per line */
/* the 5 numbers represent the x, y, r, g, b values of a point */
/* Each point is stored in an array */
/* Remove all duplicate points (i.e. points with the same x y */
/* value. */
/* Write out the x, y, r, g, b values of each point to an */
/* file */
/* */
/* Input file: points.txt */
/* Output file: new_points.txt */
/* */
/* NOTE: this program is intended to illustrate the use of */
/* structures in C */
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
/*** define structure types ***/
struct colour {
int red;
int green;
int blue;
};
struct point {
int x;
int y;
struct colour clr;
};
FILE *fin, *fout;
struct point ps[100]; /* assume a maximum of 100 points in the input file */
int temp_r, temp_g, temp_b, temp_x, temp_y, i, j, k, count;
fin = fopen("points.txt", "r");
if (fin == 0) {
printf("Error ... can't open file points.txt\n");
exit(0);
}
fout = fopen("new_points.txt", "w");
if (fout == 0) {
printf("Error ... can't open file colours.txt\n");
exit(0);
}
/* files are open so now we read in the point information */
i = 0;
while (fscanf(fin, "%d %d %d %d %d", &temp_x, &temp_y,
&temp_r, &temp_g, &temp_b) != EOF) {
/* store the values read in my array of points */
ps[i].x = temp_x;
ps[i].y = temp_y;
ps[i].clr.red = temp_r;
ps[i].clr.green = temp_g;
ps[i].clr.blue = temp_b;
i++;
}
/* remember how many points we read */
count = i;
/*** this section eliminates the duplicate values ***/
/* look at each element in turn */
for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
/* check for duplicates in all the remaining elements */
for (j=i+1; j<count; j++) {
if ((ps[j].x == ps[i].x) && (ps[j].y == ps[i].y)) {
/* we have found duplicate so shift all the rest */
for (k=j; k<count-1; k++) {
ps[k] = ps[k+1];
}
count = count - 1;
j--; /* decrement j so that when it is incremented in the */
/* for loop it will still index the same element, */
/* i.e. the element that was shifted into the j position */
}
}
}
/* now write out the x, y, r, g, b values to the output file */
for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
fprintf(fout, "%5d %5d %5d %5d %5d \n",
ps[i].x, ps[i].y, ps[i].clr.red, ps[i].clr.green, ps[i].clr.blue);
}
fclose(fin);
fclose(fout);
}
